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- WORLD, Page 30EUROPEIn the Same Boat and Bailing
-
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- The Continent is suffering just as much economic pain as the
- U.S., and the partners will have to sink or swim together
-
- By BRUCE W. NELAN -- Reported by James O. Jackson/Bonn and
- William Mader, London, with other bureaus
-
-
- If misery loves company, a lot of recession-battered
- Americans may be gazing across the sea. There is certainly fuel
- for economic schadenfreude -- the sneaky feeling of glee at your
- neighbor's troubles -- over there. Europe has fallen into a
- slump since the middle of last year, and unemployment and
- stagnation are becoming political problems as well. The American
- tourists who have seen how well Europeans live may find it
- difficult to believe, but hard times there are a fact.
-
- Anyone who draws satisfaction from this state of affairs
- is making a serious mistake. The world economy is too closely
- intertwined for any country's hardships to be anything but bad
- news for everyone. With so many nations relying on export sales,
- simultaneous recessions could pull the whole trading system
- down.
-
- Just a few months ago, Germany seemed to be chugging along
- in its now-traditional role as the Continent's locomotive,
- pulling the European Community toward ever higher performance.
- But now the "Deutschland Express" has stalled and is expected
- to stay that way for much of 1992.
-
- "We are in a recession," Norbert Walter, chief economist
- of the Deutsche Bank, says flatly, which means this will be "a
- year of recession in Europe." Other German experts, who shudder
- at the very word recession, say it has not arrived yet -- but is
- just around the corner. The country can console itself with the
- knowledge that its problems arise largely from its reabsorption
- of the former East Germany, where many of the old centrally
- directed enterprises stand idle and official unemployment nears
- 12% -- not counting another 2 million workers in part-time,
- make-work jobs. Few Germans seem steeped in the gloom that
- prevails elsewhere: the economic and social costs of unification
- will be paid off in due course, and opinion polls indicate most
- citizens think that will be soon.
-
- In recent years, unemployment in the larger European
- countries has been considerably higher than in the U.S. That is
- still the case in Britain, Italy and France, where the
- percentage of jobless is well above the current 7.1% in the U.S.
- Some of the smaller countries have been hit even harder: 19% are
- out of work in Ireland, 15% in Spain and 11% in Belgium. Such
- high rates would produce a political earthquake in the U.S.,
- but Europeans are better cushioned by more generous
- unemployment benefits.
-
- Britain's stubborn recession was induced in part by Prime
- Minister Margaret Thatcher's tax cuts of 1987, the ensuing rise
- in inflation to 11% and the stiff interest-rate hikes Thatcher
- then used to force prices down. Those rates are still high, and
- real estate and industry have not recovered from the whipsaw.
- For the new government of John Major, improvement cannot come
- too soon: he must call national elections by June.
-
- Europeans generally deny that, as the old saw has it,
- their economies develop pneumonia whenever America sneezes.
- Still, political leaders are quick to point a finger abroad when
- it suits them. Just as some American politicians blame Japan
- for the recession, the U.S. is a popular whipping boy in
- Europe. French President Francois Mitterrand finds his
- popularity plunging along with his economy. On national
- television last month, he claimed the country had been growing
- until "suddenly the bad news arrived, mostly from the U.S."
-
- In Paris last week, Prime Minister Edith Cresson named
- unemployment, now nearing 10%, as "the government's public enemy
- No. 1." The mood of France is so downbeat that Mitterrand coined
- a new word to describe it: sinistrose, an amalgam of the words
- for calamity and moroseness.
-
- Italy is burdened by public debt, 6.4% inflation and 10.2%
- unemployment. The great Italian trade names -- Olivetti, Pi
- relli, Fiat -- are struggling. For most citizens the
- implications of this recession are only beginning to sink in,
- but labor leaders say the crisi will soon hit the whole
- white-collar sector. Yet the country's planners look abroad for
- succor. "Everything depends on what happens in the U.S.," says
- Tancredi Bianchi, president of the Italian Banking Association.
- Confindustria, the employers' federation, is also hoping that
- "the symptoms of recovery are confirmed in the U.S."
-
- The American economy, which accounts for a third of the
- production of the industrialized countries, is of course tied
- closely to Europe's. A larger truth, however, is that recovery
- for all of them requires the revival and expansion of world
- trade. That in turn depends on a successful conclusion of the
- current, deadlocked Uruguay Round of negotiations to reduce
- tariffs worldwide. If it fails -- and some economists suggest
- that hard times in so many countries make it all the tougher to
- sell the unpopular compromises that are needed -- then the
- upturn may be a long time coming.
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